COMMUNITY MEDICINE
2MARKS
Model Questions
1) FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATE
The four primary functions of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses. Glucose energy is stored as glycogen, with the majority of it in the muscle and liver.
* its a chief source of energy
*requried for oxidation of fat
*brain and other parts of CNS depends upon glucose for energy
2) DEFINE MEDICINE IN ANTIQUITY
in antient time medicine where intrupted by cosmological and anthropological prespictive. medicine was dominated by magical and religious beliefs. which where an integral part of antient culture and civilaization. henry siegerist the medical historian state that every culture has developed the system of medicine. since the organic relationship between human and medical advacement any medicine were given period was viewed as against the civilaization and human advancement
3) DEFINE PRIMITIVE
Any discussion of so-called "primitive medicine" must begin with an essential clarification. When one speaks of primitive medicine, one refers to a special body of traditional knowledge which compared with that of the present appears crude and undeveloped. It is desirable to remember that this lack of development is a function not of the group's biologic status but of its cultural status, and that its cultural status is, again, a function not of its biologic makeup but primarily of the history of its experience as a social group.The comparatively undeveloped medical knowledge and practice of isolated man is simply
4) HISTORY OF INDIAN MEDICINE
Indian medicine has a long history. Its earliest concepts are set out in the sacred writings called the Vedas, especially in the metrical passages of the Atharvaveda, which may possibly date as far back as the 2nd millennium BCE. According to a later writer, the system of medicine called Ayurveda was received by a certain Dhanvantari from the god Brahma, and Dhanvantari was deified as the god of medicine.
The herbs recommended for treatment are numerous.
The golden age of Indian medicine, from 800 BCE until about 1000 CE, was marked especially by the production of the medical treatises known as the Charaka-samhita and Sushruta-samhita, attributed respectively to Charaka, a physician, and Sushruta, a surgeon.
5) ORIGIN OF CHINESE MEDICINE
China has one of the world’s oldest medical systems. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies date back at least 2,200 years, although the earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) from the 3rd century BCE. That opus provided the theoretical concepts for TCM that remain the basis of its practice today. In essence, traditional Chinese healers seek to restore a dynamic balance between two complementary forces, yin (passive) and yang (active), which pervade the human body as they do the universe as a whole. According to TCM, a person is healthy when harmony exists between these two forces; illness, on the other hand, results from a breakdown in the equilibrium of yin and yang.
6) ORIGIN OF EGYPTIAN MEDICINE
Like many civilizations in the past, the ancient Egyptians amply discovered the medicinal properties of plant life around them. In the Edwin Smith Papyrus there are many recipes to help heal different ailments. In a small section of this papyrus, there are five recipes one dealing with problems women may have had, three on techniques for refining the complexion, and the fifth recipe for ailments that deal with the colon.[12] The ancient Egyptians were known to use honey as medicine, and the juices of pomegranates served as both an astringent and a delicacy."[13] In the Ebers Papyrus, there are over 800 remedies; some were topical like ointments, and wrappings, others were oral medication such as pills and mouth rinses;still others were taken through inhalation.[14]:15 The recipes to cure constipation consisted of berries from the castor oil tree, Male Palm, and Gengent beans, just to name a few. One recipe that was to help headaches called for "inner-of-onion, fruit-of-the-am-tree, natron, setseft-seeds, bone-of-the-sword-fish, cooked, redfish, cooked, skull-of-crayfish, cooked, honey, and abra-ointment."[14]:44 and 60 Some of the recommended treatments made use of cannabis and incense.[15]:156 and 158 "Egyptian medicinal use of plants in antiquity is known to be extensive, with some 160 distinct plant products...
7) MESOPOTAMINAN MEDICINE
Mesopotamia were methodically trained, had facilities and tools to treat patients with both pharmaceutical medicine and surgery, and were an integrated and regulated part of society. Herbal medicine and other pharmaceuticals were ubiquitously used tools of asu physicians in ancient Mesopotamia.
8) HISTORY OF ROMAN MEDICINE
medicine in ancient Rome combined various techniques using different tools, methodology, and ingredients. Roman medicine was highly influenced by Greek medicine. Greek physicians including Dioscorides and Galen practiced medicine and recorded their discoveries in the Roman Empire
9) MIDDLE AGES MEDICINE
the Middle Ages, the practice of medicine was still rooted in the Greek tradition. The body was made up of four humors: yellow bile, phlegm, black bile, and blood. These were controlled by the four elements: fire, water, earth, and air. An imbalance of humors caused disease and the body could be purged of excess by bleeding, cupping, and leeching – medical practices that continued through the Middle Ages. Many diseases were thought to be caused by an excess of blood in the body and bloodletting was seen as the obvious cure. An important aspect in the treatment of ailments was diet. The food choices we make can have an important impact on health. This was known since antiquity for Hippocrates is quoted as saying, “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.”
10) BAGASSOSIS
Bagassosis is an airborne disease caused by inhalation of the fibrous cane-sugar residue, bagasse.[3] It most commonly occurs in those who are frequently close to this material, e.g., sugar factory workers.
11) FARMERS LUNG
Farmer's lung is a disease caused by an allergy to the mold in certain crops. Farmers are most likely to get it because it's usually caused by breathing in dust from hay, corn, grass for animal feed, grain, tobacco, or some pesticides. Not everyone gets farmer's lung after breathing in these things
12) VIT-A DEFICIENCY DISEASE
Vitamin A deficiency is most common in Africa and Southeast Asia. It can also occur when the gut can't absorb the nutrient.
Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness. It can also increase the risk of serious, sometimes fatal, infections. Symptoms include night blindness, dry skin and frequent infections.
Treatments may include supplements and diet changes.
14) PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION
Develop independent and interdependent, lifelong learning strategies. Nurture their aspirations, confidence, curiosity, imagination, self-respect and responsibility to others. Understand social change and individual development and take responsibility for sustaining both
15) INDIRECT TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
feb-2009
Indirect contact transmission occurs when there is no direct human-to-human contact. Contact occurs from a reservoir to contaminated surfaces or objects, or to vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rodents or dogs.
Vehicle-borne (contaminated food, water, towels, farm tools, etc.) Vector-borne (insects, animals) Airborne, long-distance (dust, droplets) Parenteral (injections with contaminated syringes)
16 FILARIASIS
feb-2009
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. These are spread by blood-feeding insects such as black flies and mosquitoes. They belong to the group of diseases called helminthiases. Eight known filarial worms have humans as a definitive host.
Elephantiasis affects mainly the lower extremities, while the ears, mucous membranes, and amputation stumps are affected less frequently. However, different species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the body; Wuchereria bancrofti can affect the legs, arms, vulva, breasts, and scrotum (causing hydrocele formation), while Brugia timori rarely affects the genitals
17)UNICEF
feb-2009
UNICEF, also known as the United Nations Children's Fund,[a] is a United Nations agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.[2][3] U.N. headquarters is in New York City. The agency is among the most widespread and recognizable social welfare organizations in the world, with a presence in 192 countries and territories.[4] UNICEF's activities include providing immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment for children and mothers with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting education, and providing emergency relief in response to disasters
18) BLINDNESS
feb-2009
Blindness is the inability to see anything, including light. If you're partially blind, you have limited vision. For example, you may have blurry vision or the inability to distinguish the shapes of objects. Complete blindness means you can't see at all. Legal blindness refers to vision that's highly compromised.
estimated prevalence of blindness still stands at 1.99 per cent, severe visual impairment at 1.96 per cent, moderate visual impairment at 9.81 per cent and moderate severe visual impairment at 11.77 per cent, according to the survey released on October 10, 2019
19) IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS
feb-2009
The term IDD refers to all the ill-effects of iodine deficiency in a population that can be prevented by ensuring that the population has an adequate intake of iodine . Brain damage and irreversible mental retardation are the most important disorders induced by iodine deficiency: in 1990 it was estimated that among the 1572 million people in the world exposed to iodine deficiency (28.9 % of the then world population), 11.2 million were affected by overt cretinism, the most extreme form of mental retardation due to iodine deficiency and that another 43 million people were affected by some degree of itellectual impairment (18). Thus, iodine deficiency was a leading global cause of preventable mental impairment.
20) DIET SURVEY
feb-2017
Dietary survey: A way of researching the food consumption of individuals or groups. These may include questionnaires, a food diary, intake weighing and chemical analysis of foods.
21) ANTHRACOSIS
feb-2017
Anthracosis (anthrac- meaning coal, carbon + -osis meaning condition) is defined in Bioline as, “the asymptomatic, milder type of pneumoconiosis as caused by the accumulation of carbon in the lungs due to repeated exposure to air pollution or inhalation of smoke or coal dust particles”
22) NAME FOUR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
feb-2017
syphilis,
gonorrhoea,
chlamydia
trichomoniasis.
hepatitis B,
herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes)
HIV,
human papillomavirus (HPV).
23) UNICEF
feb-2017
UNICEF, also known as the United Nations Children's Fund, is a United Nations agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide. U.N. headquarters is in New York City. The agency is among the most widespread and recognizable social welfare organizations in the world, with a presence in 192 countries and territories. UNICEF's activities include providing immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment for children and mothers with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting education, and providing emergency relief in response to disasters
24) BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
feb-2017
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is universally expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres.
The BMI is a convenient rule of thumb used to broadly categorize a person as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese based on tissue mass (muscle, fat, and bone) and height. Commonly accepted BMI ranges are underweight (under 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 to 25), overweight (25 to 30), and obese (over 30)
25) FOOD FORTIFICATION
feb-2017
Food fortification – also known as food enrichment – is when nutrients are added to food at higher levels than what the original food provides. This is done to address micronutrient deficiencies across populations, countries and regions.
26) AYUSH
feb-2017
The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (abbreviated as AYUSH) is purposed with developing education, research and propagation of indigenous alternative medicine systems in India. The Ministry is headed by a Minister of State (Independent Charge), which is currently held by Shripad Yesso Naik
27) HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
feb-2017
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (Literacy Rate, Gross Enrollment Ratio at different levels and Net Attendance Ratio), and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office
28) NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
aug-2012
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, are newly acquired infections that are contracted within a hospital environment. Transmission usually occurs via healthcare workers, patients, hospital equipment, or interventional procedures.
29) WARNING SIGNALS OF CANCER
Aug-2012
A Sore that Doesn't Heal or Continues to Bleed, or a Lump or Thickening on the Skin or in the.
A Thickening or Lump Anywhere in the Body. ...
Unusual Bleeding or Discharge from any Body Opening. ...
A Persistent Change in Bowel or Bladder Habits. ...
A Persistent Cough or Hoarseness.
30) INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES
Aug-2012
International health agencies are WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, International Red Cross, CARE, FORD FOUNDATION, ROCK FELLER FOUNDATION, COLOMBO PLAN. These all agencies help the world to prevent disease and promotions of health. Today the international work is established on every solid scientific basis.
31) ADVANTAGES OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS FOR HEALTH EDUCATION
Aug-2012
The use of audiovisual aids makes the students to remember the concept for longer period of time. They convey the same meaning as words but it gives clear concepts thus help to bring effectiveness in learning. Integrating technology into the classroom help students to experience things virtually or vicariously.
32) EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
Aug-2012
Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.
33) ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION
Aug-2012
Oral rehydration therapy is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration, especially that due to diarrhea. It involves drinking water with modest amounts of sugar and salts, specifically sodium and potassium. Oral rehydration therapy can also be given by a nasogastric tube
Other names: oral rehydration solution (ORS), oral rehydration salts (ORS), glucose-salt solution
34) ORAL CANCER
Aug-2012
Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. In the mouth, it most commonly starts as a painless white patch, that thickens, develops red patches, an ulcer, and continues to grow.
Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. In the mouth, it most commonly starts as a painless white patch, that thickens, develops red patches, an ulcer, and continues to grow.
35) HISTORY OF DISEASE
Aug-2008
Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment. For example, untreated infection with HIV causes a spectrum of clinical problems beginning at the time of seroconversion (primary HIV) and terminating with AIDS and usually death.
36) OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
Aug-2008
. Increased technology in the field of pesticide control have brought problems of systemic chemical poisoning, whilst infectious and non-infectious diseases also present other sources of hazards to agricultural workers.
Evidence from various sources would suggest that some accidents are not chance happenings, but as in many other industrial accidents are due to a failure to observe regulations and codes of good practice. Prevention therefore is of major importance in the agricultural industry, as in other industries
37) POLIO IMMUNIZATION
Aug-2008
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).[2] Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV).[2] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio.[2] The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world,[3][4] and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 33 in 2018.[5][6]
The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe.[2] Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection.[2] Oral polio vaccines cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given
38) DIRECT TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
Aug-2008
In direct transmission, an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. Direct contact occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. Direct contact also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms.
39) RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION
Aug-2008
A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.
Usually hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120.
High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke.
Eating a healthier diet with less salt, exercising regularly and taking medication can help lower blood pressure.
40) CAUSES OF P E M
Aug-2008
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a common childhood disorder and is primarily caused by deficiency of energy, protein, and micronutrients. PEM manifests as underweight (low body weight compared with healthy peers), stunting (poor linear growth), wasting (acute weight loss), or edematous malnutrition (kwashiorkor).