ELECTROTHERAPY...
2 MARKS
(Model Questions)
1) CONTRAST BATH
feb-2009
The key to contrast bath therapy is in the rapid changes produced in your circulatory system when you go from very warm water to very cold water.
When you submerge part or all of your body in cold water, small blood vessels called capillaries respond to the cold by getting smaller. This is known as vasoconstriction.
When you immerse yourself in warm water, the opposite happens. Your blood vessels open up. This is known as vasodilation.
Different water temperatures also cause changes in how fast your heart beats.
2) LEWS HUNTING RESPONCE
feb-2009
The hunting reaction or hunting response is a process of alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation in extremities exposed to cold. The term Lewis reaction is used too, named after Thomas Lewis, who first described the effect in 1930.[1]
Vasoconstriction occurs first to reduce heat loss, but also results in strong cooling of the extremities. Approximately five to ten minutes after the start of cold exposure, the blood vessels in the extremities will suddenly vasodilate. This is probably caused by a sudden decrease in the release of neurotransmitters from the sympathetic nerves to the muscular coat of the arteriovenous anastomoses due to local cold. This cold-induced vasodilation increases blood flow and subsequently the temperature of the fingers. A new phase of vasoconstriction follows the vasodilation, after which the process repeats itself
3) EDDY CURRENT
feb-2009
Eddy currents (also called Foucault's currents) are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor according to Faraday's law of induction. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field. They can be induced within nearby stationary conductors by a time-varying magnetic field created by an AC electromagnet or transformer, for example, or by relative motion between a magnet and a nearby conductor. The magnitude of the current in a given loop is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux, and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the material. When graphed, these circular currents within a piece of metal look vaguely like eddies or whirlpools in a liquid.
4) TANNING
feb-2009
The electric bath as an early tanning bed was an old sunbed device designed and produced by the German firm of Heraeus, which produced numerous ultraviolet lamps during the early 1900s, as well as a particular self-standing horizontal reclining tanning device known as the electric bath.
The electric bath consisted of a wooden stand which contained an electrical power supply. Above the wooden stand was a green sheet-metal cabinet lid which contained many ultraviolet lamps, and four additional lamps which could be set into the lid and hooked in with metallic clamps
5) FARAIC CURRENT
feb-2017
Faradic current is a short duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration ranging from 0.1 to 1 ms with frequency of 50 to 100 Hz. Faradic current is surged to produce tetanic contraction and relaxation of the muscle. Treatment with faradic current also known as faradism
6) BIO-FEEDBACK
feb-2017
Biofeedback is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one's own body, commercially by using electronic or other instruments, and with a goal of being able to manipulate the body's systems at will. Humans conduct biofeedback naturally all the time, at varied levels of consciousness and intentionality. Biofeedback and the biofeedback loop can also be thought of as self-regulation.[1][2] Some of the processes that can be controlled include brainwaves, muscle tone, skin conductance, heart rate and pain perception.
7) PULSED SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
feb-2017
Pulsed Shortwave diathermy (PSWD) uses high-frequency electromagnetic current to promote tissue healing and ease pain. This type of therapy has thermal (mild heating) and non-thermal effects and is effective at treating muscles, nerves, and areas of swelling.
8) PHONOPHORESIS
feb-2017
Phonophoresis is the use of ultrasound to enhance the delivery of topically applied drugs. Phonophoresis has been used in an effort to enhance the absorption of topically applied analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents through the therapeutic application of ultrasound.
Phonophoresis has been shown to be ineffective for some treatments, where it did not increase the efficacy of absorption of drugs, or did not improve the outcome more than the use of ultrasound alone
9) PHOTOSENSITIZATION
feb-2017
Photosensitization is a reaction to light that is mediated by a light-absorbing molecule, which is not the ultimate target. Photosensitization can involve reactions within living cells or tissues, or they can occur in pure chemical systems. In photobiology, we are concerned with the reactions in living systems.
10) CRYOTHERAPY
feb-2017
Cryotherapy, sometimes known as cold therapy, is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy. Cryotherapy may be used to treat a variety of tissue lesions.[1] The most prominent use of the term refers to the surgical treatment, specifically known as cryosurgery or cryoablation. Cryosurgery is the application of extremely low temperatures to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue and is used most commonly to treat skin conditions.
11) ACNE
feb-2017
A skin condition that occurs when hair follicles plug with oil and dead skin cells.
Acne is most common in teenagers and young adults.
Symptoms range from uninflamed blackheads to pus-filled pimples or large, red and tender bumps.
Treatments include over-the-counter creams and cleanser, as well as prescription antibiotics.
12) WHAT IS PHOTON
Aug-2012
Photon Stimulation is near infrared light therapy, a hand held device which emits infrared light which is held over specific points located on the body. Photon therapy is a natural therapy promoting the body's own immune responses, its own methods of controlling pain, and its own healing abilities. ...
13) HOW IS E M G RECORDED
Aug-2012
EMG signals are recorded by placing electrodes close to the muscle groups. When the muscle is activated, the length of the muscle decreases and the muscle, skin and electrodes move with respect to one another. At that time, the electrodes will show some movement artifacts.
14) ULTRASONIC FIELDS
Aug-2012
Power ultrasonics is the area of ultrasound devoted to the study of high-intensity applications. In this field, ultrasonics is used to permanently change the physical, chemical, or biological properties of materials or systems to which it is applied.
15) PUVA APPARATUS
Aug-2012
PUVA stands for psoralen (P) and ultraviolet A (UVA) therapy in which the patient is exposed first to psoralens (drugs containing chemicals that react with ultraviolet light) and then to UVA light. PUVA is used to treat vitiligo (white patches on the skin).
16)Â SPASM SPASTICITY
Aug-2012
spasticity describe their muscles as feeling stiff, heavy and difficult to move. When spasticity is severe it can be very difficult to bend a limb at all. A spasm is a sudden involuntary tightening or contraction of a muscle.
Treatments:Â Exercise; Baclofen
17) CHRONAXIE
Aug-2012
Chronaxie is the minimum time required for an electric current to double the strength of the rheobase to stimulate a muscle or a neuron. Rheobase is the lowest intensity with indefinite pulse duration which just stimulated muscles or nerves.
18) EDDY CURRENT
Aug-2014
Eddy currents (also called Foucault's currents) are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor according to Faraday's law of induction. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.
19) CRYO STRECH
Aug-2014
A technique used to reduce muscle spasm by combining cold applications to produce numbness with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. The body part is numbed using an ice pack or vapocoolant spray and then muscle elongated using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques. The ice application and exercise are repeated, to stretch and fatigue the involved muscle group.
20) DEFINITION OF LASER
Aug-2014
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
21) ERYTHEMA
Aug-2014
Erythema (from the Greek erythros, meaning red) is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries.[1] It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation. Examples of erythema not associated with pathology include nervous blushes
22) OHM'S LAW
aug-2014
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[1] one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship
23) DEFINE IONTOPHORESIS
Aug-2014
Iontophoresis is a process of transdermal drug delivery by use of a voltage gradient on the skin.[1][2] Molecules are transported across the stratum corneum by electrophoresis and electroosmosis and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin.[3][4] These phenomena, directly and indirectly, constitute active transport of matter due to an applied electric current. The transport is measured in units of chemical flux, commonly μmol/(cm2*hour). Iontophoresis has experimental, therapeutic and diagnostic applications.