CARDIO...
Cardio Respiratory disease for physiotherapist
[Extra topics are at bottomof the page]
2 MARKS
Model Questions
DIAGRAMS ARE NECESSARY.
1) COR PULMONALE
feb-2009
Cor pulmonale is defined as an alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart caused by a primary disorder of the respiratory system. Pulmonary hypertension is often the common link between lung dysfunction and the heart in cor pulmonale.
Cor pulmonale is right ventricular enlargement secondary to a lung disorder that causes pulmonary artery hypertension. Right ventricular failure follows. Findings include peripheral edema, neck vein distention, hepatomegaly, and a parasternal lift. Diagnosis is clinical and by echocardiography.
2) CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
feb-2009
The medulla oblongata is the primary respiratory control center. Its main function is to send signals to the muscles that control respiration to cause breathing to occur. There are two regions in the medulla that control respiration: The ventral respiratory group stimulates expiratory movements.
3) RICKETY ROSARY
feb-2009
The prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joints of rickets patients are known as a rachitic rosary or beading of the ribs. The knobs create the appearance of large beads under the skin of the rib cage, hence the name by analogy with the beads of a Catholic Christian rosary
4) SCOLIOSIS
feb-2009
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine. Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. While scoliosis can be caused by conditions such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown.
Scoliosis occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty.
Most cases are mild with few symptoms. Some children develop spine deformities that get more severe as they grow. Severe scoliosis can be painful and disabling.
5) ENDO TRACHEAL TUBE
feb-2009
An endotracheal tube is a flexible plastic tube that is placed through the mouth into the trachea (windpipe) to help a patient breathe. The endotracheal tube is then connected to a ventilator, which delivers oxygen to the lungs. The process of inserting the tube is called endotracheal intubation.
6) TETROLOGY OF FALLOT
feb-2009
A rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth.
Tetralogy of Fallot defects cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body. Risk factors include a viral illness such as rubella (German measles) during pregnancy, maternal alcoholism or a family history of the condition.
Symptoms include blue-tinged skin and shortness of breath.
Surgery is typically performed in the first year of life, followed by ongoing care.
7) ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
feb-2009
An arterial-blood gas (ABG) test measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. An ABG test requires that a small volume of blood be drawn from the radial artery with a syringe and a thin needle,[1] but sometimes the femoral artery in the groin or another site is used. The blood can also be drawn from an arterial catheter.
8) CHEYENE STOKES BREATHING
feb-2009
Cheyne–Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
9) ARRHYTHMIA
Aug-2012
An arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the heart can beat too fast, too slowly, or with an irregular rhythm. When a heart beats too fast, the condition is called tachycardia. When a heart beats too slowly, the condition is called bradycardia.Jun 3, 2020
Includes Diseases: Ventricular fibrillation; Bradycardia...
Diseases or conditions caused: Heart failure
There may be no symptoms. Alternatively, symptoms may include a fluttering in the chest, chest pain, fainting or dizziness.
If required, treatment includes anti-arrhythmic drugs, medical procedures, implantable devices and surgery.
10) PAO2
Aug-2012
The partial pressure of oxygen, also known as PaO2, is a measurement of oxygen pressure in arterial blood. It reflects how well oxygen is able to move from the lungs to the blood, and it is often altered by severe illnesses.
11) ALVEOLAR GAS
Aug-2012
The alveolar gas equation is a formula used to approximate the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus (PAO2):PAO2=(PB−PH2O)FiO2−(PaCO2÷R)where PB is the barometric pressure, PH2O is the water vapor pressure (usually 47mmHg), FiO2 is the fractional concentration of inspired oxygen, and R is the gas exchange ratio.
12) DEAD SPACE
Aug-2012
Dead space is the volume of air that is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, because it either remains in the conducting airways or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. In other words, not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Mammals breathe in and out of their lungs, wasting that part of the inhalation which remains in the conducting airways where no gas exchange can occur.
13) COUGH/HUFF
Aug-2012
Coughing is a common reflex action that clears your throat of mucus or foreign irritants. While everyone coughs to clear their throat from time to time, a number of conditions can cause more frequent coughing. A cough that lasts for less than three weeks is an acute cough.
Coughing can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include normal clearing of airways, irritants such as smoke and gas, tobacco use or improperly swallowing food and liquids.
14) CLUBBING
Aug-2012
Clubbing is a physical sign characterized by bulbous enlargement of the ends of one or more fingers or toes. Proliferation and edema of connective tissue result in loss of the normal angle between the skin and nail plate and excessive sponginess of the nail base.
See a doctor if you
Develop a nail that forms a sharper angle with the cuticle
Notice that the end of your finger appears large, bulging, warm or red
Have a nail that curves downward and at a distorted angle from nail bed
Feel short of breath
Cough
15) TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Aug-2012
A rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth.
Tetralogy of Fallot defects cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body. Risk factors include a viral illness such as rubella (German measles) during pregnancy, maternal alcoholism or a family history of the condition.
Symptoms include blue-tinged skin and shortness of breath.
Surgery is typically performed in the first year of life, followed by ongoing care.
16) GANGRENE
Aug-2012
Dead tissue caused by an infection or lack of blood flow.
The death of tissue often occurs in the extremities or skin from loss of blood supply. The condition often affects toes, fingers and limbs, but can affect muscles and organs.
Symptoms include discoloured skin, severe pain followed by numbness and foul discharge.
Gangrene requires urgent care. Treatment includes antibiotics and removing dead tissue.
17) INTERMITTENT CLADICATION
Aug-2012
Intermittent claudication, also known as vascular claudication, is a symptom that describes muscle pain on mild exertion (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), classically in the calf muscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest.
18) TACHYPNOEA
Aug-2014
Breathing that is abnormally rapid and often shallow.
COMMON CAUSES
Fast breathing can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include exercise, anxiety, stress, anger or love.
SEEKING MEDICAL CARE
Experience rapid breathing for the first time
Have bluish or grayish skin, nails, lips or around the eyes
Feel chest pain
Develop a fever or a cough with phlegm
Notice your symptoms getting worse
19) PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
Aug-2014
A plethysmograph is an instrument for measuring changes in volume within an organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood or air it contains). The word is derived from the Greek "plethysmos" (increasing, enlarging, becoming full), and "graphos" (to write).
20) P E E P
Aug-2012
PEEP is a mode of therapy used in conjunction with mechanical ventilation. At the end of mechanical or spontaneous exhalation, PEEP maintains the patient's airway pressure above the atmospheric level by exerting pressure that opposes passive emptying of the lung.
21) ORTHOPONEA
Aug-2014
Orthopnea is shortness of breath or difficulty breathing when you're lying down. It comes from the Greek words “ortho,” which means straight or vertical, and “pnea,” which means “to breathe.” If you have this symptom, your breathing will be labored when you lie down. It should improve once you sit up or stand.
22) PARADOXICAL BREATHING
Aug-2014
Paradoxical breathing is the term for a sign of respiratory distress associated with damage to the structures involved in breathing. Instead of moving out when taking a breath, the chest wall or the abdominal wall moves in. Often, the chest wall and the abdominal wall move in opposite directions with each breath.
23) HYPOXIA
Aug-2014
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body. Although hypoxia is often a pathological condition, variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during hypoventilation training or strenuous physical exercise.
24) DIAPHRAGM
Aug-2014
The diaphragm is a barrier method of birth control. It is moderately effective, with a one-year failure rate of around 12% with typical use. It is placed over the cervix with spermicide before sex and left in place for at least six hours after sex. Fitting by a healthcare provider is generally required.
25) STRIDOR
Aug-2014
Stridor is a high-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow. Stridor may also be called musical breathing or extrathoracic airway obstruction. Airflow is usually disrupted by a blockage in the larynx (voice box) or trachea (windpipe). Stridor affects children more often than adults.
26) BRUIT
Aug-2014
Bruit, also called vascular murmur, is the abnormal sound generated by turbulent flow of blood in an artery due to either an area of partial obstruction or a localized high rate of blood flow through an unobstructed artery.
The bruit may be heard ("auscultated") by securely placing the head of a stethoscope to the skin over the turbulent flow, and listening. Most bruits occur only in systole, so the bruit is intermittent and its frequency dependent on the heart rate. Anything increasing the blood flow velocity such as fever, anemia, hyperthyroidism, or physical exertion, can increase the amplitude of the bruit.
CARDIO CONDITIONS
DISCLAIMER
This notes is for additional purpose which Cardiac conditions are already learned by college syllabus. These things are for extra knowledge and recall purpose. There are various conditions which as a student cant remember at time. With the help of this note it is easy to remember the conditions at right time.
CARDIO-THORACIC DISORDERS
Coronary Artery Disease ·
Angina of various types ·
Cardiomegaly ·
Myocardial Infarction ·
Congestive cardiac failure ·
Heart Failure,
Pulmonary edema, Shock ·
Hypertension ·
Rheumatic Valve Diseases ·
Inflammatory Heart Diseases
Infective Endocarditis,
Myocarditis,
Pericarditis ·
Cardiomyopathy,
dilated,
restrictive,
hypertrophic
PULMONARY CONDITIONS
Bronchitis ·
Bronchial asthma ·
Bronchiectasis ·
Pneumonias ·
Lung abscess ·
Lung tumor ·
Pulmonary tuberculosis, ·
Fibrosis,
pneumoconiosis etc ·
Pleuritis, effusion ·
Pneumo, haemo and pyothorax ·
Interstitial Lung Disease ·
Acute and Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (conditions leading to) ·
Acute respiratory failure ·
Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Pulmonary embolism ·
Pulmonary Hypertension
